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December 08, 2006

Minority Culture vs. Majority Language

Ethnically Kyrgyz schoolgirls living in a small village along the road between China and Pakistan, outside their small schoolhouse.

An interesting Reuters article published Wednesday discusses the conflict in China between teaching the majority language (Mandarin Chinese) and preserving local minority cultures. The article takes a fairly unbiased point-of-view when you look at it on paper, but still somehow manages to paint the feeling that the Chinese government is up to no good:

Wearing an NBA sweatshirt and a Mickey Mouse cap, 13-year-old Mingbayi Abdubaki plays beside the mountainous highway to Pakistan with a battery-powered earth digger he built himself from scrap.

The Chinese teenager hopes to design real machines when he grows up, but if you believe his headmaster, he cannot understand a word of classes at his state-funded school.

Ethnically Kyrgyz, he speaks barely enough Chinese to stammer out his name and age. But under a campaign to make the language of Beijing the language of education nationwide, he is supposed to be studying only in Mandarin.

I'm not sure how the author manages to capture this somehow simultaneously neutral yet anti-government tone, but like Stephen Colbert I'm here to feel the news at you... so don't expect me to explain myself with supporting "facts".

This is one situation where I'm completely (or at least mostly) in agreement with Beijing's policies. Here in Xinjiang, meeting people who can't speak Chinese is a daily occurence, and it's hard to imagine how they manage to live at such detachment from the world around them. And we're not talking about people who were born in another country... these are native-born Chinese citizens, despite their distinct and seperate ethnic identity.

Can you imagine a serious debate in the US where we would even consider the need for Mexicans in San Diego, Chinese in San Francisco, Cubans in Miami, and Scandinavians in Minnesota to be taught primarily in their native language in order to preserve their culture? Sure, you may say that there are plenty of Hispanics in the US who speak only Spanish, but how many of them were born in the country? And while Hispanics make up 15% or so of the US population, Uyghurs constitute less than 1% of the Chinese population with Kyrgyz residents far lower in number.

Critics of Beijing, however, say the bilingual programme is expressly designed to tackle national security worries.

"All language policies in China have both an overt and covert aim. The overt side is to reinforce Chinese language, the covert is minority acculturation and assimilation," said Nicholas Bequelin, an expert on China's Muslims at Human Rights Watch.

Leaders publicly dismiss Uighur and other minority languages as backward, justifying their exclusion with arguments that range from patronising to racist, he added.

Sure, people are justified in being suspicious, and I can't say whether or not Beijing's motives here are nefarious. I'm also not saying that people shouldn't speak whatever language they care to, preserving their culture in the deal. One thing is clear, though: if you're living in a nation where 97% of the people are Han Chinese - and I am - it's a big disadvantage not to speak their language.

The photo above was taken at a schoolhouse in the village of Subash, Xinjiang. It's one of the ethnically Kygyz village "beside the mountainous highway to Pakistan" mentioned in the article below. You may also remember my declaration that it is, in my opinion, the most beautiful place in Xinjiang.

You can read the full article below.

China's ethnic minority kids caught in language trap
By Emma Graham-Harrison
6 December 2006
Reuters News

BULUNKOU, China, Dec 6 (Reuters) - Wearing an NBA sweatshirt and a Mickey Mouse cap, 13-year-old Mingbayi Abdubaki plays beside the mountainous highway to Pakistan with a battery-powered earth digger he built himself from scrap.

The Chinese teenager hopes to design real machines when he grows up, but if you believe his headmaster, he cannot understand a word of classes at his state-funded school.

Ethnically Kyrgyz, he speaks barely enough Chinese to stammer out his name and age. But under a campaign to make the language of Beijing the language of education nationwide, he is supposed to be studying only in Mandarin.

Officials say the change aims to give minority kids chances in a country dominated by Han Chinese and their language, but critics counter that it undermines their cultural identity.

And some children, caught between two languages at home and school, risk being educated properly in neither.

Headmaster Baierdibayi, who uses only one name and speaks heavily accented, broken Chinese, is in charge of around 460 students at the school in the stark but spectacular mountains that link China's northwestern Xinjiang region to central Asia.

"Our classes are taught in Mandarin," he said, under the watchful eye of an official, before conceding that some struggle.

"It is a little difficult for the children. The teachers are all Kyrgyz and can use that language if they need."

Privately, fellow villagers say most classes are taught in Kyrgyz, the shared native language of instructors and students.

But as Beijing pushes to bring more Han Chinese teachers to Xinjiang -- where it fears agitation by members of the largest minority group, the Uighurs, for a separate state -- that is true for fewer and fewer ethnic-minority schools.

"Before 2002 we only had separate schools for minorities, but in 7 or 8 years it will all be in Chinese apart from a few hours a week of their own culture," said Dilixiati, a senior official in the Kyrgyz autonomous prefecture that includes Bulunkou.

DROPOUTS?

Abdubaki's father and mother are barely literate herders so the fact that he even attends school is impressive.

But education experts warn that an abrupt shift to a new language risks leaving the most vulnerable students behind.

"If they haven't been exposed to Chinese language before they start at school, they are in a disadvantaged position," said Kate Wedgwood, China country director at Save the Children, which works to improve bilingual education in several minority areas.

"They struggle to keep up in all the subjects because they are being taught in a second language, so there is an increased chance of failure and of the children dropping out."

Studies show children probably need at least four years of education in their mother tongue to succeed at school, she said.

But ethnic tensions have made the language of education a politically charged issue, complicating her efforts to promote the use of Chinese only as a second language initially.

"What we try to do is to get governments to appreciate that this is not a threat to national unity -- children everywhere learn best in their mother tongue," Wedgwood added.

Critics of Beijing, however, say the bilingual programme is expressly designed to tackle national security worries.

"All language policies in China have both an overt and covert aim. The overt side is to reinforce Chinese language, the covert is minority acculturation and assimilation," said Nicholas Bequelin, an expert on China's Muslims at Human Rights Watch.

Leaders publicly dismiss Uighur and other minority languages as backward, justifying their exclusion with arguments that range from patronising to racist, he added.

Discrimination takes root early. At a leading middle school, touted as a showcase of ethnic unity but where barely 10 percent of students seen by journalists were non-Han, a Han Chinese teenager shrugged off the lack of different faces.

"This is a top school, so the ethnic minorities find it hard to get the marks to get a place," he said.

CULTURE OR FUTURE?

Many non-Han parents, while keen to send their children to Chinese-language schools, also resent what they see as a painful choice between an economic future and cultural traditions.

Wolfing down roast mutton in a dimly lit restaurant in the remote desert oasis of Hotan, a successful businessman who asks to be known only as Ali says that he has sent one of his two daughters to a Uighur-language school and one to a Mandarin one.

"I would prefer them both to study our language, to stay in touch with their culture, but without Chinese you have no future," he said with a mournful shrug.

"I hope this way each can make up for what the other lacks."

But even those parents who sacrifice their children's cultural links for a chance of a richer future may find that a shared language does not mean shared opportunities.

"Some of the most vocal people complaining about Chinese rule in Xinjiang are precisely the people who are educated and have Chinese skills but cannot get jobs," Bequelin said.

"A more profound problem is institutionalised discrimination. The fact that many don't speak good Chinese is just a convenient way to explain why they have an inferior position in society."

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posted December 08, 2006 at 09:10 AM unofficial Xinjiang time | HaoHao This!

Comments

The problem is that Chinese is a crude, primitive, pictographic language without an alphabet.

It's just the smug pug's chauvinism, imposing their shit language on others, many of whom actually speak modern languages.

Those goons in Beijing should do something useful and teach Chinese about dental hygiene.

The comment above was posted by theproblem at December 8, 2006 08:34 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Though I respect your opinion Michael, I completely disagree with it. What if China invades another country, say Kazakhstan (Allah forbids!!!), in that case the whole population of our country will not make up even that 1%, yet we will all have to speak Chinese, though our mentality is not Chinese, our culture is not Chinese, nothing in us is actually Chinese.
In fact, Kazakhstan has had a similar experience with all the Soviet (Russian) rules imposed on us. Like Uyghurs who are forced to speak Chinese, we had to speak Russian to get decent jobs, go to schools, watch TV, etc. The result? Native Kazakhs don't know their own language anymore. Thank God we were lucky and are now independent.
It's not an easy thing to preserve your own culture if the entire government propaganda is aimed at you forgetting it.

The comment above was posted by Saule at December 8, 2006 01:49 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

PS. "Can you imagine a serious debate in the US where we would even consider the need for Mexicans in San Diego, Chinese in San Francisco, Cubans in Miami, and Scandinavians in Minnesota to be taught primarily in their native language in order to preserve their culture? "

No I can't imagine this situation, if Mexicans don't like speaking English, they can go back to Mexico and speak Spanish, if Cubans don't like English, they can go back to Cuba, if Scandinavians don't like English, they all can go back to their own countries and speak their own languages.
The difference, however, is that Uyghurs ARE in their own country! And if the Chinese refuse to speak their language it's them who should leave.

The comment above was posted by Saule at December 8, 2006 01:59 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Good points, but the fact that Uyghurs (and Tibetans) are in their own country is only academic. I don't think there's anyone who seriously believes that Xinjiang or Tibet will be anything other than regions of China for a long, long time. Like Texas and California in the US, people living in these areas must adopt to the real political situation in which they live.

Do you really think that Kazakhs would be better of if they spoke only their native tongue rather than Russian? I doubt it.

The comment above was posted by michael at December 8, 2006 02:30 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

You will be assimilated. Resistance is futile. Preserving their language and culture is the only form of resistance occupied Turkestan has against their occupiers. Chinese culture and government has no use for them other than as menial labor. Why shouldn't they fight back in the only substantial way they can? One's internal life is one of the few things a hostile power can't take away from you. It seems very arrogant of you to be scolding other people for their lack of fluency. You are a tropical fish there, prized for your foreigness. Doors are flung open, things are made much easier for you because of that. You seem to have some chinese language ability, but could you study engineering or literature at a high level in that language? Congratualations if you can, but you have had a privileged life both at home and in China compared to natives there, who are not getting the best treatment and education by a dominant culture that holds them in contempt.

The comment above was posted by porkbarrel at December 9, 2006 01:43 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

1. Have to agree with porkbarrel on this one. Could we think some 20-40 years back we would ever be independent?? Many were against the regime, many fought for independence with the means available to them, most of them died in soviet jails turtured and killed. But it's the faith that keeps people going. Like East Timor, like Vietnam, when people believe and strive against invaders they have a real chance to achieve their goal. So while Uyghurs are resisting the Hans influence there's a chance. Once they stop it'll be the end of the hope, so I hope they don't.

2. Of course, I believe Kazakhstan would be better off without the Russian invasion. There are so many things that are unknown to foreigners and Russians themselves, but the cost was certainly a lot greater than the benefit. But it's a separate topic, which is too vast to be discussed now.

The comment above was posted by Saule at December 9, 2006 02:29 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Saule:

Without the invasion of Russia, maybe now Kazakhstan did not at all exist. It was Stalin who created the nation and country of Kazakhs from the former Uzbekistan. Without Russians Kazakhs might still be an unimportant nomadic tribal people wandering around on the central asian steppes. Remember the rest of the Kazakh nation which is still divided between a wide area between Mongolia, China, and Afghanistan and living in their original happy and desperate state. In China, most Kazakhs must accomodate with their local majority, whether it be Chinese, Mongolian, or your dear Uygur friends. The most Kazakhs in your occupied Turkestan must speak and write Uygur although the Kazakh language is officially national language of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.

The comment above was posted by beefbarrel at December 9, 2006 07:16 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

1)I am in USA right now. Tell you one thing, Chinese Mandarin is most popular language at least in California now. Probably also in many other states. I heard UK is pushing for it as a must-class for all High Schools. If you go South Korea, Japan, Australia, and Brazil, etc., you understand this. Why? Within 20 years of time frame, China would be most powerful nation and biggest economy. Ability to speaking Chinese will be as much important to speaking English now in the business world. We talk about people spend their own money to pick up Chinese where you can get FREE.

2)Speaking Mandarin in the class will not dimish your native language or culture. As matter of facts, many of Hans don't speack Mandarins out of schools. They speak Cantonese, Shanghainese, Shichuanese, etc., you name it. But that didn't affect their ability to communicate both ways.

3)North of Xinjiang is never be part of "Turkistan" in the history. Kazakhs's ancester Wusun used to live in Hami area but moved to Illi arouund Han Dynasty. By comparision, Uyghurs moved in Tarim area in very, very late. About 800-1000 years of late into Xinjiang. So please don't pretend that only Uyghurs are "native" in Xinjiang.

The comment above was posted by Sha at December 11, 2006 11:18 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

I'll belatedly second Michael. Chinese has huge amounts of news and books published in it every day, which Uyghur, quite simply, can never match. Without Chinese, what connects a rural Xinjiang minority-language speaker to the wider world? English, which there's no environment to practise in, and, the efforts of our host here notwithstanding, a gross shortage of teachers?

The alternative to Chinese education is a situation where most of the Uyghur population were monolingual, and all knowledge of the outside world got filtered through the perspectives and self-interest of the few bilingual members of the elite who could afford access to English-language education. (Great deal if you're rich and well-connected.) Some people point out, rightly or wrongly, how parochial many monolingual Americans are, enclosed in a linguistic echo chamber of only ~500 million other voices and unwilling to look outside. So imagine how close-minded a monolingual person from a language group with only 2% that many speakers could get.

At least in the current situation, the language that provides a window to a cosmopolitan world, Chinese, is cheap to learn --- taught in subsidized schools (yes, taught with ulterior motives, but still taught) and spoken natively by a population who don't have to be imported and paid a first-world salary.

The comment above was posted by Eric at December 11, 2006 06:46 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Even if you had your own independent country as an Uighur or Kazakh in Xinjiang - compare your situation with European small nations. As a Norwegian or Slovenian, you better know English and maybe German if you want to study medicine or if you want to be successful in any profession.
Rupprecht
http://www.chinablaetter.info

The comment above was posted by Rupprecht at December 12, 2006 02:20 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

my friend, it is clear you have never been to afghanistan. welcome to the hell which i have endured. you meet a cultural uzbek, they speak uzbek. cultural tajik, they speak tajik. those near iran tend to speak dari, those near pakistan pashtun. something like seven major cultures and languages, none of them "afghan." no one has a lick of an idea what you are saying or what anyone else is saying, only that they would really appreciate it if you and your american friends would dig them a well.

nope, dont miss it at all...

The comment above was posted by lana at December 13, 2006 12:05 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Lana,

Same thing actually in China. People from Shanghai cannot communicate with people from Canton if they use their native language. Heck just in Fujian province, there are 5 major languages that cannot communicate with each other. That is why most of Chinese using Mandarin to talk with others. Otherwise, you cannot do anything.

People may suprise that Mandarin is the most easy one to learn than others.

The comment above was posted by Sha at December 13, 2006 04:22 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

It is true, if your chinese is good, you might be able to negotiate with the guards for less severe beatings at the reform-through-labor camp. As a Norwegian or Slovenian you would have freedom of movement and association and be able to actually get into a medical school or high level professional training if your skills merit it. Rupprecht, did you actually read the article?

""Some of the most vocal people complaining about Chinese rule in Xinjiang are precisely the people who are educated and have Chinese skills but cannot get jobs," Bequelin said."

The Chinese have no interest in lifting up the natives of Xinjiang. They are there to exploit the people and natural resources, period.

The comment above was posted by porkbarrel at December 13, 2006 04:31 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Pork:

Have you ever really been to Xinjiang, or deal with the government of Xinjiang? There are a lot of Uygurs, Kazakhs, Kirgizes working in the governmnet, public institutions, and private sectors. There is actually a quote existent since 1949 for the ethnic minority employment in the public institutions and state owned enterprises. When you hear the uyghurs bla bla bla about discrimination in the international press, you ignor the complaints from the local Chinese population that ranks and promotions are awarded to Uyghurs just because they are uyghurs.

Let's make it clear that unemployment are not only a problem for the well-educated Uyghurs, but also for the well-educated Chinese. Even a lot of locally-born Chinese cannot find jobs in Xinjiang. Actually both Uyghurs and Chinese are suffering from an overpopulation. While the Chinese are facing a child restriction, the Uyghurs are allowed to have two (urban officially) or three (countryside officially) or unlimited (urban and countryside in reality). The population of the locally-born Chinese is actually dwindling and there is a continuous exodus of the young locally born Chinese from Xinjiang. The most Han Chinese parents encourage their children to leave Xinjiang for the fear of independence or Uyghur terrorism.

This exodus of the locally-born Chhinese is only compensated by an influx of the poorly skilled Chinese manual workers from the interior provinces which are much more underdeveloped and impoverished than Xinjiang. And the Uyghurs must also be held responsible for this influx. I know a recuitment team which are looking for cotton pickers for the local cotton farms. The local Uyghurs find it too cheap and turned their back to it. In the end the recruiters have to fetch the season workers from as far as Chongqing and Hubei, which are thousand kilometers away. Then minus the train tickets et al. hiring a Chongqing or Hubei peasant is still economically more feasible than hiring Uyghurs, not to mention that fact that they are more hardworking, co-operative, and making no fuss that they are exploited because they are ethnically different. This phenomenon is not unique in China. Remember the former Mexican president Fox said the Mexican immigrants were doing the jobs that even the Blacks wouldn't bother. This is also true for the Chinese migrant workers. Many of you mistake Xinjiang as China's Mexico. In fact the ethnical autonomous regions in China receive more economic aids and subsidities from the central government, having better infrasture, education, and development. If Xinjiang is China's Mexico, then provinces like Guizhou, Gansu, Sichuan, Anhui, Hebei, should be taken as China's Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Even the much rumored poverty of Tibet cannot match them.

Anyway, the local government is not asking Uyghurs speaking perfect Chinese or writing flawless Chinese. They are only asking them to at least be able to communicate some basics with their Han Chinese colleagues and write reports which is marginally readable in Beijing. But a lot of even well-educated Uyghurs failed it.If you want to check what I said, you only need to switch on the Xinjiang TV and listen to the local Uyghur bureaucrats talking, or just find a Uyghur police officer around the corner. I doubt the Uyghur police officer would bother to talk to you if you are Chinese. If he talks, I can assure you that within minutes you will be turned away by his heavily accented mumbling or get totally lost by his grammatical improvisions. And this already qualified these people to work for the government.

Even in Urumqi, where the 70% registered population is Chinese and Uyghurs only take up a 12%, a lot of local Uyghurs cannot speak a Chinese word. Even if Xinjiang is an inependent country dominated by Uyghurs, this is very problematic, considering the city's overwhelming majority population. The former Soviet republics were very different, where, if you could not speak Russian, you could not at all get through the public school system and get your high school diploma. Here in China, there is a separate public school system issuing people diplomas since five decades that cannnot guarantee the holders is capable of understanding the most basic basics of the national language. Here is the problem!

The comment above was posted by Beefbarrel at December 13, 2006 09:19 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

You cannot talk sense to these people. Reasoning and rationality are alien to them. They are lazy and stinks from their BO. They are good for nothing. The only thing they are good at is accepting the hand outs and whining at the same time. Pathetic!

The comment above was posted by huaxia at December 14, 2006 12:08 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

And if you don't like to stay in China you can always migrate west to your central asian Stans. Join your brethens there. I am sure you won't kill each other. And you won't be much missed in Xinjiang. And stop bullshitting that Xinjiang is yours since Han Chinese lived there thousands of years before you low-life came to our land. You are not the natives of Xinjiang and stop pretending to be, you stupid backward low-life stinking barbarics.

The comment above was posted by huaxia at December 14, 2006 12:15 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

I've been all over Xinjiang, and have done business there.I have met many very well educated and articulate locals, who face discrimination and very limited opportunities. Beef and huaxia's racist, party-line attitudes are very typical.

The comment above was posted by porkbarrel at December 14, 2006 03:53 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

pork is a typical example of the stupid low-lifes whose ancestores knew nothing but cut each other's throat. When you don't speak the langauge most people understand of course you have limited oppotunities. However when they try to teach you Chinese you cry discrimination again (killing their culture bullshit). So you cannot win over these greedy and stupid people who eminate repulsive ordor. Everybody who doesn't agree with you is racist in your eyes. Sure I am a racist because i know you people too well, but all Beef has been doing is reasoning with you. But he can't avoid being called racist too. Beef had a long and well-reasoned post. I didn't see your retort to his argument except calling him a racist. Typical! Seems to me all you people are capable of are crying racism and discrimination. YOU have a miserable life all because of the 'discrimiation'. I say 'f**k you.' And when were you when some stupid people badmouth Chinese people or even Chineselangauge? Sure that's not racism in your dictionary. Doulbe standards, isn't it? And party-line? What party? Communist party? YOu can screw it and see if I give it a fukk.

The comment above was posted by huaxia at December 14, 2006 04:08 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Pork:

I'm only citing the facts I know and I can find. If you are really so well-travelled in Xinjiang and have had contact with so and so, please tell the facts you know. Please don't wholesalely label anybody partyliners who are not your opinion! This trick is just too cheap.

I dont't counter the facts there is discrimination. But there is racial discrimination everywhere there are two races coexistent! Please tell me where there are two races completely living in absolute harmony, without a single grudge and accusation!

The problem is to which extent the discrimination exists. Is it as serious as South African apartheid or just merely a grudge and misunderstanding. The discrimination in Xinjiang is, of course, larger than a mere grudge. But according to the international press and the accusations on the street, it sounds as if Xinjiang were an occupied Nazi-land! But this is simly not true. Both statistics and real life contact tell that there is a large number of Uyghurs serving as government workers, professionals, police officers, soldiers, schoolmasters, while there is an unemployment among the locall born Chinese as serious as among the Uyghurs. When the presence of Uyghurs is increasing outside Xinjiang in China, even the provinces which was never Uyghur are hiring competent Uyghurs into their police forces. The Municipal Government of Shanghai has established as early as 1980s a Uyghur task force in its Police Department to deal with the local Uyghur residents.

It is just too easy for the Uyghurs to blame everything on discrimination while never question their own infallibility. The racial discrimination has become a wild card that can be played everywhere. On the Chinese campus, it has become a wellknown fact that Uyghur students are associated with alcoholism, disciplinelessness, and untouchability by the school authority. In the local colleges in Xinjiang, the Uyghur students raised several campus riots just because the school authority invited them to polish a little bit their Chinese language knowledge. By resisting Chinese language, a majority of Uyghur students are virtually resisting anything related to modern science and technology in China. Don't be fooled by their certificate of science or engineering. The college issued them just because it did not want another riot on the campus.

There is a steep decreasing of capable Uyghur engineers and professionals since the rise of national articulation and ferventness for an independent East Turkestan in 1990s. The older generation of Uyghur professionals is aging and retiring. The vacancies they left behind have to be taken by immigrants or remain unfilled. By sticking to their national pride and execuses, the younger generation of the Uyghurs are inviting more racial pressure and discrimination.

The comment above was posted by Beefbarrel at December 14, 2006 06:07 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Wow, huaxia, what horrible things you have written.

Fortunately they do not bear negatively on the Uighurs, but on you and other Han who might be as ignorant and close-minded as you, though I hope there are not many. Anyone who broadly dismisses a whole group of people like you have has clearly not even tried to get to know them.

How shameful.

The comment above was posted by Andrew at December 16, 2006 03:00 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

When whites and uighurs do trash talking, it's fine. When Hans counter-attck and defend themselves, it's racism and horrible. [Personal attack censored.] Xinjiang is not your business, and just fukk off.

The comment above was posted by Huaxia at December 19, 2006 01:47 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

Reading your replies reminded me discussions on nazi forums. Majority always refers to minorities as a piece of dirt or filth. How nice to hear it from the chinese!! Wow! Asian fasists!

Do you know that in 1940s Han Chinese constituted only 1% of Xinjiang's population? What is the ratio now? Over 60%?
The only reason why Chinese got Xinjiang is Stalin. He simply exchanged Xinjiang for independence of Mongolia.
Future of Xinjiang minorities is hopeless since they don't really decide anything. Uigurs, kazakhs, kyrgyzs and tajiks are so different from the chinese. Thay are parts of Central Asian, Middle Eastern and European stock. They are not anything like other minorities from Eastern and Southern China.

The comment above was posted by Ray at February 7, 2007 02:13 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

"Can you imagine a serious debate in the US where we would even consider the need for Mexicans in San Diego, Chinese in San Francisco, Cubans in Miami, and Scandinavians in Minnesota to be taught primarily in their native language in order to preserve their culture?"

I think Native Americans would be a better comparison here. Can you imagine making a case against Native Americans learning their own language? The problem isn't learning Mandarin but exluding their own language.

"Here in Xinjiang, meeting people who can't speak Chinese is a daily occurence, and it's hard to imagine how they manage to live at such detachment from the world around them. And we're not talking about people who were born in another country... these are native-born Chinese citizens, despite their distinct and seperate ethnic identity."

Sounds to me like a case for making the region independent, rather than superimposing on them a completely foreign national identity.

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ورد
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غرائب وعجائب
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توبيكات حزينه ملونه
منتديات كورة
صور كمال اجسام
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كامري
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hotspotshield
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المصارع جون سينا
المصارع جون سينا
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ترجمة النصوص قوقل
translate english to filipino
msn 2010
2010 , الماسنجر , العربية , الفرنسية , النجلزية , برامج الشات , برنامج , برنامج الماسنجر , برنامج المحداتة , برنامج الدردشة , hotmail , msn 2010 , Windows Live Messenger , wlv 2010
2010 , الماسنجر , العربية , الفرنسية , النجلزية , برامج الشات , برنامج , برنامج الماسنجر , برنامج المحداتة , برنامج الدردشة , hotmail , msn 2010 , windows live messenger , wlv 2010
Windows Live Messenger 2010 arabic windows live messenger 2010 english windows live messenger 2010 francais
Windows Live Messenger 2010 عربي
ترجمه فوريه لجميع اللغات
ترجمة فورية
لترجمه
مترجم فوري للنصوص
متى , الاستخارة , اين , دعاء , دعاء الاستخارة , صلاة , صلاة الاستخارة , صلاة دعاء الاستخارة , طريقة , كيف , كيفة
دردشة
غلا
دردشة غلا
شات غلا
غلا الكون
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شات الغلا
الود
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شات الود
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شات سعودي
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شات الخليج
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شات تعب قلبي
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تعب قلبي
شعبي كوم
دردشة الخليج
عالم الرومانسيه
نت لوق

The comment above was posted by حصري at May 13, 2010 03:55 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

The comment above was posted by العاب at May 23, 2010 03:06 AM unofficial Xinjiang time.

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المنتدى الاسلامي
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2010 , مباريات كاس العالم 2010 , مباريات كاملة
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سيارات 2010 - سيارات 2011

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- مسلسل طاش 17 الحلقة -
طاش 17 الحلقة -
طاش ماطاش 17 الحلقة -

حلقات طاش 17

 طريقة عمل ,
طريقة صنع ,
شرح برنامج ,



 





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وايقونات
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دليل المواقع



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وظائف


صور



فيسات للمسن


منتديات


منتدى



2011



2010



1431


1432


مباراة


اهداف


برنامج


يوتيوب


للمسن


تحميل


انشودة


صورة


الهلال


النصر


الاتحاد


الاهلي


اهداف الهلال


اهداف النصر


اهداف الاتحاد


اهداف الاهلي


اهداف مباراة


دوري زين


الدوري الاسباني


الدوري الايطالي


الدوري الانجليزي


دوري ابطال اوروبا


بث مباشر


رابط نقل


كاس اسيا 2011


اهداف ميسي 2010


اهداف ميسي 2011

The comment above was posted by منتديات at May 24, 2010 07:21 PM unofficial Xinjiang time.

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